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Jean-Grégoire Malvoisin
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The last days

These artist renditions show how the solar system will look like when the Sun will have evolved into a red supergiant star.

The solar system as of now (top part) and when the Sun will be a red supergiant star (bottom part). Each planet and dwarf planet has its equilibrium temperature calculated and the green areas are the habitable zones.

The solar system as of now (top part) and when the Sun will be a red supergiant star (bottom part). Each planet and dwarf planet has its equilibrium temperature calculated and the green areas are the habitable zones.

Difference in size between the Sun in its current state (top right) and as a red supergiant. To put things in perspective, if today's Sun was a pinhead put next to a soccer ball, the Sun in its red supergiant phase would be the soccer ball itself.

Difference in size between the Sun in its current state (top right) and as a red supergiant. To put things in perspective, if today's Sun was a pinhead put next to a soccer ball, the Sun in its red supergiant phase would be the soccer ball itself.

Mars has become the innermost planet of the solar system. Being the only rocky planet left, it is now in front of a wall of fire covering almost half of its sky, and its surface is covered by a vast system of lava lakes and rivers.

Mars has become the innermost planet of the solar system. Being the only rocky planet left, it is now in front of a wall of fire covering almost half of its sky, and its surface is covered by a vast system of lava lakes and rivers.

Moving on to the other side of the asteroid belt, we find Jupiter and its Galilean moons. Being far enough from the Sun, Jupiter has the luxury of not having many changes, with only its temperature rising.

Moving on to the other side of the asteroid belt, we find Jupiter and its Galilean moons. Being far enough from the Sun, Jupiter has the luxury of not having many changes, with only its temperature rising.

With temperatures well above 100°C, the moons (except Io) have lost their ice crusts and liquid oceans (if they had one) and are now barren worlds with no ice to be seen. From left to right and top to bottom, we have Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.

With temperatures well above 100°C, the moons (except Io) have lost their ice crusts and liquid oceans (if they had one) and are now barren worlds with no ice to be seen. From left to right and top to bottom, we have Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.

Saturn is the planet that have changed the most. Having lost its iconic feature, it is no longer the lord of the rings. The title is now given to another planet further away from the Sun.

Saturn is the planet that have changed the most. Having lost its iconic feature, it is no longer the lord of the rings. The title is now given to another planet further away from the Sun.

Titan also had a significant change. For the first time in its history, the Sun is bright enough to break through the hazy atmosphere, allowing eclipses of the Sun by Saturn to be seen from the surface.

Titan also had a significant change. For the first time in its history, the Sun is bright enough to break through the hazy atmosphere, allowing eclipses of the Sun by Saturn to be seen from the surface.

Uranus, just like Jupiter, didn't change much: just brighter and hotter.

Uranus, just like Jupiter, didn't change much: just brighter and hotter.

This is Neptune, the new lord of the rings. Its moon Triton went too close and ended up being ripped apart by its parent planet's gravitational pull. It is now a ring system, surrounding the planet until the end of time.

This is Neptune, the new lord of the rings. Its moon Triton went too close and ended up being ripped apart by its parent planet's gravitational pull. It is now a ring system, surrounding the planet until the end of time.

From the surface of Pluto, the Sun (which was once a star barely brighter than any other star of the galaxy) has grown to be visually as large as Charon, offering beautiful eclipses from time to time.

From the surface of Pluto, the Sun (which was once a star barely brighter than any other star of the galaxy) has grown to be visually as large as Charon, offering beautiful eclipses from time to time.

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